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Show incremental difference of selected versions of 第9章.file info
--- /tmp/DOCMAN2OuN8S0 2024-06-05 02:12:45.925751932 +0900 +++ /tmp/DOCMAN2FEUpk9 2024-06-05 02:12:45.925751932 +0900 @@ -135,17 +135,17 @@ <!--<P>The German sociologist Max Weber once proposed that all great religions are built upon the "routinization" or "institutionalization" of charisma. Every successful religion, Weber argued, converts the charisma or message of the original religious leader into a social, political, and ethical apparatus more easily translatable across cultures and time.--> <p>GNU GPL GPL GPL </p> <!--<P>While not religious per se, the GNU GPL certainly qualifies as an interesting example of this "routinization" process at work in the modern, decentralized world of software development. Since its unveiling, programmers and companies who have otherwise expressed little loyalty or allegiance to Stallman have willingly accepted the GPL bargain at face value. A few have even accepted the GPL as a preemptive protective mechanism for their own software programs. Even those who reject the GPL contract as too compulsory, still credit it as influential.--> -<p><!--INDEX Bostic, Keith -->GPL 1.0 <!--INDEX Computer Systems Research Group -->SRG1970 TCP/IP 1980 <!--INDEX AT&T;licenses:AT&T UNIX source code and -->AT&T <!--INDEX Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD);BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) -->BSD</p> +<p><!--INDEX Bostic, Keith -->GPL 1.0 <!--INDEX Computer Systems Research Group -->SRG1970 TCP/IP 1980 <!--INDEX AT&T;licenses:AT&T UNIX source code and -->AT&T <!--INDEX Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD);BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) -->BSD</p> <!--<P>One hacker falling into this latter group was Keith Bostic, a University of California employee at the time of the GPL 1.0 release. Bostic's department, the Computer Systems Research Group (SRG), had been involved in Unix development since the late 1970s and was responsible for many key parts of Unix, including the TCP/IP networking protocol, the cornerstone of modern Internet communications. By the late 1980s, AT&T, the original owner of the Unix brand name, began to focus on commercializing Unix and began looking to the Berkeley Software Distribution, or BSD, the academic version of Unix developed by Bostic and his Berkeley peers, as a key source of commercial technology.--> -<p> BSD AT&T AT&T AT&T </p> +<p> BSD AT&T AT&T AT&T </p> <!--<P>Although the Berkeley BSD source code was shared among researchers and commercial programmers with a source-code license, this commercialization presented a problem. The Berkeley code was intermixed with proprietary AT&T code. As a result, Berkeley distributions were available only to institutions that already had a Unix source license from AT&T. As AT&T raised its license fees, this arrangement, which had at first seemed innocuous, became increasingly burdensome.--> <p>1986<!--INDEX DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) --> <!--INDEX PDP-11 computer -->PDP-11 BSD CSRG </p> <!--<P>Hired in 1986, Bostic had taken on the personal project of porting BSD over to the Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-11 computer. It was during this period, Bostic says, that he came into close interaction with Stallman during Stallman's occasional forays out to the west coast. "I remember vividly arguing copyright with Stallman while he sat at borrowed workstations at CSRG," says Bostic. "We'd go to dinner afterward and continue arguing about copyright over dinner."--> -<p>19896 AT&T OS <!--INDEX University of California --><a HREF="#20913"><sup>7</sup></a>GPL BSD OS </p> +<p>19896 AT&T OS <!--INDEX University of California --><a HREF="#20913"><sup>7</sup></a>GPL BSD OS </p> <!--<P>The arguments eventually took hold, although not in the way Stallman would have liked. In June, 1989, Berkeley separated its networking code from the rest of the AT&T-owned operating system and distributed it under a University of California license. The contract terms were liberal. All a licensee had to do was give credit to the university in advertisements touting derivative programs.<A HREF="#20913"><SUP>6</SUP></A> In contrast to the GPL, proprietary offshoots were permissible. Only one problem hampered the license's rapid adoption: the BSD Networking release wasn't a complete operating system. People could study the code, but it could only be run in conjunction with other proprietary-licensed code.--> -<p> BSD AT&T 1990 GNU </p> +<p> BSD AT&T 1990 GNU </p> <!--<P>Over the next few years, Bostic and other University of California employees worked to replace the missing components and turn BSD into a complete, freely redistributable operating system. Although delayed by a legal challenge from Unix Systems Laboratories-the AT&T spin-off that retained ownership of the Unix brand name-the effort would finally bear fruit in the early 1990s. Even before then, however, many of the Berkeley utilities would make their way into Stallman's GNU Project.--> <p>GNU </p> <!--<P>"I think it's highly unlikely that we ever would have gone as strongly as we did without the GNU influence," says Bostic, looking back. "It was clearly something where they were pushing hard and we liked the idea."--> @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ <p>GCC GCC </p> <!--;single points of failure ? ? --> <!--<P>"You talk about single points of failure, GCC was it," echoes Bostic. "Nobody had a compiler back then, until GCC came along." --> -<p>GCC 110,000532032<!--INDEX C+ programming language -->C++ AT&T </p> +<p>GCC 110,000532032<!--INDEX C+ programming language -->C++ AT&T </p> <!-- Reported Errors: pg. 132; 1st paragraph: [factual error] "...C+ programming language." should read "...C++ programming language." [first reported by Jarvist, April 11, 2002; corrected May 25, 2002] --> <!--<P>Rather than compete with Stallman, Tiemann decided to build on top of his work. The original version of GCC weighed in at 110,000 lines of code, but Tiemann recalls the program as surprisingly easy to understand. So easy in fact that Tiemann says it took less than five days to master and another week to port the software to a new hardware platform, National Semiconductor's 32032 microchip. Over the next year, Tiemann began playing around with the source code, creating a native compiler for the C+ programming language. One day, while delivering a lecture on the program at Bell Labs, Tiemann ran into some AT&T developers struggling to pull off the same thing. --> |
