[Groonga-commit] groonga/grnxx [master] Add a skeleton of grnxx::map::da::Trie.

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susumu.yata null+****@clear*****
Wed Feb 13 18:41:52 JST 2013


susumu.yata	2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (Wed, 13 Feb 2013)

  New Revision: 9ea0bc901772529a2b0e5a2daa9d9b489528ed62
  https://github.com/groonga/grnxx/commit/9ea0bc901772529a2b0e5a2daa9d9b489528ed62

  Log:
    Add a skeleton of grnxx::map::da::Trie.

  Added files:
    lib/map/da/Makefile.am
    lib/map/da/basic_trie.cpp
    lib/map/da/basic_trie.hpp
    lib/map/da/trie.cpp
  Copied files:
    lib/map/da/trie.hpp
      (from lib/map.hpp)
  Modified files:
    configure.ac
    lib/map.cpp
    lib/map.hpp
    lib/map/Makefile.am
    lib/map/double_array.cpp
    lib/map/double_array.hpp

  Modified: configure.ac (+1 -0)
===================================================================
--- configure.ac    2013-02-13 14:20:49 +0900 (7967f5a)
+++ configure.ac    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (c8f9589)
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
                  lib/db/Makefile
                  lib/io/Makefile
                  lib/map/Makefile
+                 lib/map/da/Makefile
                  src/Makefile
                  test/Makefile])
 AC_OUTPUT

  Modified: lib/map.cpp (+15 -14)
===================================================================
--- lib/map.cpp    2013-02-13 14:20:49 +0900 (37c4bad)
+++ lib/map.cpp    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (b7ef7ea)
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 */
 #include "map.hpp"
+#include "map/double_array.hpp"
 
 namespace grnxx {
 
@@ -28,19 +29,19 @@ Map::~Map() {}
 
 Map *Map::create(const MapOptions &options, io::Pool pool) {
   switch (options.type) {
-    case MAP_DOUBLE_ARRAY: {
-//      return map::DoubleArray::create(options, pool);
+    case MAP_UNKNOWN: {
       break;
     }
+    case MAP_DOUBLE_ARRAY: {
+      return map::DoubleArray::create(options, pool);
+    }
     // TODO: Other map types will be supported in future.
 //    case ???: {
 //      return map::???::create(options, pool);
 //    }
-    default: {
-      // TODO: Invalid type!
-      break;
-    }
   }
+
+  // TODO: Unknown type error!
   return nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -55,19 +56,19 @@ Map *Map::open(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id) {
 
   // Call the appropriate function.
   switch (type) {
-    case MAP_DOUBLE_ARRAY: {
-//      return map::DoubleArray::open(pool, block_id);
+    case MAP_UNKNOWN: {
       break;
     }
-    // TODO: Other map types will be supported in future.
-    default: {
-      // TODO: Invalid type!
-      break;
+    case MAP_DOUBLE_ARRAY: {
+      return map::DoubleArray::open(pool, block_id);
     }
+    // TODO: Other map types will be supported in future.
+//    case ???: {
+//      return map::???::open(pool, block_id);
+//    }
   }
 
-  // Return the result.
-
+  // TODO: Unknown type error!
   return nullptr;
 }
 

  Modified: lib/map.hpp (+9 -7)
===================================================================
--- lib/map.hpp    2013-02-13 14:20:49 +0900 (3370bb1)
+++ lib/map.hpp    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (53eb48b)
@@ -52,17 +52,19 @@ class Map {
 
   virtual uint32_t block_id() const = 0;
 
-  virtual bool search(int64_t id, Slice *key) = 0;
-  virtual bool search(const Slice &key, int64_t *id = nullptr) = 0;
+  virtual bool search(int64_t key_id, Slice *key) = 0;
+  virtual bool search(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id = nullptr) = 0;
 
-  virtual bool insert(const Slice &key, int64_t *id = nullptr) = 0;
+  virtual bool insert(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id = nullptr) = 0;
 
-  virtual bool remove(int64_t id) = 0;
+  virtual bool remove(int64_t key_id) = 0;
   virtual bool remove(const Slice &key) = 0;
 
-  virtual bool update(int64_t id, const Slice &dest) = 0;
-  virtual bool update(const Slice &src, const Slice &dest,
-                      int64_t *id = nullptr) = 0;
+  virtual bool update(int64_t key_id, const Slice &dest_key) = 0;
+  virtual bool update(const Slice &src_key, const Slice &dest_key,
+                      int64_t *key_id = nullptr) = 0;
+
+  // TODO
 };
 
 }  // namespace grnxx

  Modified: lib/map/Makefile.am (+5 -0)
===================================================================
--- lib/map/Makefile.am    2013-02-13 14:20:49 +0900 (f0f0fee)
+++ lib/map/Makefile.am    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (53c2fe3)
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
+SUBDIRS = da
+
 noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libgrnxx_map.la
 
+libgrnxx_map_la_LIBADD =	\
+	da/libgrnxx_map_da.la
+
 libgrnxx_map_la_LDFLAGS = @AM_LTLDFLAGS@
 
 libgrnxx_map_la_SOURCES =	\

  Added: lib/map/da/Makefile.am (+12 -0) 100644
===================================================================
--- /dev/null
+++ lib/map/da/Makefile.am    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (72659d4)
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libgrnxx_map_da.la
+
+libgrnxx_map_da_la_LDFLAGS = @AM_LTLDFLAGS@
+
+libgrnxx_map_da_la_SOURCES =		\
+	basic_trie.cpp			\
+	trie.cpp
+
+libgrnxx_map_da_includedir = ${includedir}/grnxx/map
+libgrnxx_map_da_include_HEADERS =	\
+	basic_trie.hpp			\
+	trie.hpp

  Added: lib/map/da/basic_trie.cpp (+825 -0) 100644
===================================================================
--- /dev/null
+++ lib/map/da/basic_trie.cpp    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (2a40977)
@@ -0,0 +1,825 @@
+#include "basic_trie.hpp"
+
+#include "../../exception.hpp"
+#include "../../lock.hpp"
+#include "../../logger.hpp"
+
+namespace grnxx {
+namespace map {
+namespace da {
+namespace basic {
+
+Header::Header()
+  : nodes_block_id(io::BLOCK_INVALID_ID),
+    chunks_block_id(io::BLOCK_INVALID_ID),
+    entries_block_id(io::BLOCK_INVALID_ID),
+    keys_block_id(io::BLOCK_INVALID_ID),
+    nodes_size(0),
+    chunks_size(0),
+    entries_size(0),
+    keys_size(0),
+    next_key_id(0),
+    next_key_pos(0),
+    max_key_id(-1),
+    total_key_length(0),
+    num_keys(0),
+    num_chunks(0),
+    num_phantoms(0),
+    num_zombies(0),
+    leaders(),
+    inter_process_mutex() {
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL; ++i) {
+    leaders[i] = INVALID_LEADER;
+  }
+}
+
+Trie::~Trie() {
+  if (!initialized_) try {
+    // Free allocated blocks if initialization failed.
+    if (header_->nodes_block_id != io::BLOCK_INVALID_ID) {
+      pool_.free_block(header_->nodes_block_id);
+    }
+    if (header_->chunks_block_id != io::BLOCK_INVALID_ID) {
+      pool_.free_block(header_->chunks_block_id);
+    }
+    if (header_->entries_block_id != io::BLOCK_INVALID_ID) {
+      pool_.free_block(header_->entries_block_id);
+    }
+    if (header_->keys_block_id != io::BLOCK_INVALID_ID) {
+      pool_.free_block(header_->keys_block_id);
+    }
+    if (block_info_) {
+      pool_.free_block(*block_info_);
+    }
+  } catch (...) {
+  }
+}
+
+// TODO: Currently, "options" is not used.
+Trie *Trie::create(const TrieOptions &, io::Pool pool) {
+  std::unique_ptr<Trie> trie(new (std::nothrow) Trie);
+  if (!trie) {
+    GRNXX_ERROR() << "new grnxx::map::Trie failed";
+    GRNXX_THROW();
+  }
+  trie->create_double_array(pool);
+  return trie.release();
+}
+
+Trie *Trie::open(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id) {
+  std::unique_ptr<Trie> trie(new (std::nothrow) Trie);
+  if (!trie) {
+    GRNXX_ERROR() << "new grnxx::map::Trie failed";
+    GRNXX_THROW();
+  }
+  trie->open_double_array(pool, block_id);
+  return trie.release();
+}
+
+// TODO
+//da::Trie *Trie::defrag() {
+//}
+
+uint32_t Trie::block_id() const {
+  return block_info_->id();
+}
+
+bool Trie::search(int64_t key_id, Slice *key) {
+  if ((key_id < MIN_KEY_ID) || (key_id > header_->max_key_id)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const Entry entry = entries_[key_id];
+  if (!entry) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (key) {
+    const Key &found_key = get_key(entry.key_pos());
+    *key = found_key.slice();
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Trie::search(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id) {
+  if ((key.size() < MIN_KEY_SIZE) || (key.size() > MAX_KEY_SIZE)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t node_id = ROOT_NODE_ID;
+  size_t query_pos = 0;
+  if (!search_leaf(key, node_id, query_pos)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Note that nodes_[node_id] might be updated by other threads/processes.
+  const Node node = nodes_[node_id];
+  if (!node.is_leaf()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const Key &found_key = get_key(node.key_pos());
+  if (found_key.equals_to(key, query_pos)) {
+    if (key_id) {
+      *key_id = found_key.id();
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool Trie::insert(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id) {
+  if ((key.size() < MIN_KEY_SIZE) || (key.size() > MAX_KEY_SIZE)) {
+    GRNXX_ERROR() << "invalid key: size = " << key.size();
+    GRNXX_THROW();
+  }
+
+  Lock lock(&header_->inter_process_mutex);
+
+//  GRN_DAT_THROW_IF(STATUS_ERROR, (status_flags() & CHANGING_MASK) != 0);
+//  StatusFlagManager status_flag_manager(header_, INSERTING_FLAG);
+
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(!ptr && (length != 0));
+
+  uint32_t node_id = ROOT_NODE_ID;
+  size_t query_pos = 0;
+
+  search_leaf(key, node_id, query_pos);
+  if (!insert_leaf(key, node_id, query_pos)) {
+    if (key_id) {
+      *key_id = get_key(nodes_[node_id].key_pos()).id();
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const int32_t new_key_id = header_->next_key_id;
+  const uint32_t new_key_pos = append_key(key, new_key_id);
+
+  header_->total_key_length += key.size();
+  ++header_->num_keys;
+
+  if (new_key_id > header_->max_key_id) {
+    header_->max_key_id = new_key_id;
+    header_->next_key_id = new_key_id + 1;
+  } else {
+    header_->next_key_id = entries_[new_key_id].next();
+  }
+
+  entries_[new_key_id] = Entry::valid_entry(new_key_pos);
+  nodes_[node_id].set_key_pos(new_key_pos);
+  if (key_id) {
+    *key_id = new_key_id;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Trie::remove(int64_t key_id) {
+  Lock lock(&header_->inter_process_mutex);
+
+  if ((key_id < MIN_KEY_ID) || (key_id > header_->max_key_id)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const Entry entry = entries_[key_id];
+  if (!entry) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const Key &key = get_key(entry.key_pos());
+  return remove_key(key.slice());
+}
+
+bool Trie::remove(const Slice &key) {
+  if ((key.size() < MIN_KEY_SIZE) || (key.size() > MAX_KEY_SIZE)) {
+    GRNXX_ERROR() << "invalid key: size = " << key.size();
+    GRNXX_THROW();
+  }
+
+  Lock lock(&header_->inter_process_mutex);
+
+//  GRN_DAT_THROW_IF(STATUS_ERROR, (status_flags() & CHANGING_MASK) != 0);
+//  StatusFlagManager status_flag_manager(header_, REMOVING_FLAG);
+
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF((ptr == nullptr) && (length != 0));
+  return remove_key(key);
+}
+
+bool Trie::update(int64_t key_id, const Slice &dest_key) {
+  if ((dest_key.size() < MIN_KEY_SIZE) || (dest_key.size() > MAX_KEY_SIZE)) {
+    GRNXX_ERROR() << "invalid key: size = " << dest_key.size();
+    GRNXX_THROW();
+  }
+
+  Lock lock(&header_->inter_process_mutex);
+
+  if ((key_id < MIN_KEY_ID) || (key_id > header_->max_key_id)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const Entry entry = entries_[key_id];
+  if (!entry) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const Key &key = get_key(entry.key_pos());
+  return update_key(key_id, key.slice(), dest_key);
+}
+
+bool Trie::update(const Slice &src_key, const Slice &dest_key,
+                  int64_t *key_id) {
+  if ((src_key.size() < MIN_KEY_SIZE) || (src_key.size() > MAX_KEY_SIZE)) {
+    GRNXX_ERROR() << "invalid source key: size = " << src_key.size();
+    GRNXX_THROW();
+  }
+  if ((dest_key.size() < MIN_KEY_SIZE) || (dest_key.size() > MAX_KEY_SIZE)) {
+    GRNXX_ERROR() << "invalid destination key: size = " << dest_key.size();
+    GRNXX_THROW();
+  }
+
+  Lock lock(&header_->inter_process_mutex);
+
+  int64_t src_key_id;
+  if (!search(src_key, &src_key_id)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (update_key(static_cast<int32_t>(src_key_id), src_key, dest_key)) {
+    if (key_id) {
+      *key_id = src_key_id;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+Trie::Trie()
+  : pool_(),
+    block_info_(nullptr),
+    header_(nullptr),
+    recycler_(nullptr),
+    nodes_(nullptr),
+    chunks_(nullptr),
+    entries_(nullptr),
+    keys_(nullptr),
+    initialized_(false) {}
+
+void Trie::create_double_array(io::Pool pool) {
+  pool_ = pool;
+
+  block_info_ = pool_.create_block(sizeof(Header));
+
+  void * const block_address = pool_.get_block_address(*block_info_);
+  header_ = static_cast<Header *>(block_address);
+  *header_ = Header();
+
+  recycler_ = pool_.mutable_recycler();
+
+  // TODO: Tell me the size of buffers!
+  const io::BlockInfo *block_info;
+
+  block_info = pool_.create_block(sizeof(Node) * INITIAL_NODES_SIZE);
+  header_->nodes_block_id = block_info->id();
+  header_->nodes_size = INITIAL_NODES_SIZE;
+  nodes_ = static_cast<Node *>(pool_.get_block_address(*block_info));
+
+  block_info = pool_.create_block(sizeof(Chunk) * INITIAL_CHUNKS_SIZE);
+  header_->chunks_block_id = block_info->id();
+  header_->chunks_size = INITIAL_CHUNKS_SIZE;
+  chunks_ = static_cast<Chunk *>(pool_.get_block_address(*block_info));
+
+  block_info = pool_.create_block(sizeof(Entry) * INITIAL_ENTRIES_SIZE);
+  header_->entries_block_id = block_info->id();
+  header_->entries_size = INITIAL_ENTRIES_SIZE;
+  entries_ = static_cast<Entry *>(pool_.get_block_address(*block_info));
+
+  block_info = pool_.create_block(sizeof(uint32_t) * INITIAL_KEYS_SIZE);
+  header_->keys_block_id = block_info->id();
+  header_->keys_size = INITIAL_KEYS_SIZE;
+  keys_ = static_cast<uint32_t *>(pool_.get_block_address(*block_info));
+
+  reserve_node(ROOT_NODE_ID);
+  nodes_[INVALID_OFFSET].set_is_origin(true);
+
+  initialized_ = true;
+}
+
+void Trie::open_double_array(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id) {
+  pool_ = pool;
+  initialized_ = true;
+
+  block_info_ = pool_.get_block_info(block_id);
+
+  void * const block_address = pool_.get_block_address(*block_info_);
+  header_ = static_cast<Header *>(block_address);
+
+  // TODO: Check the format.
+
+  recycler_ = pool_.mutable_recycler();
+
+  nodes_ = static_cast<Node *>(
+      pool_.get_block_address(header_->nodes_block_id));
+  chunks_ = static_cast<Chunk *>(
+      pool_.get_block_address(header_->chunks_block_id));
+  entries_ = static_cast<Entry *>(
+      pool_.get_block_address(header_->entries_block_id));
+  keys_ = static_cast<uint32_t *>(
+      pool_.get_block_address(header_->keys_block_id));
+}
+
+bool Trie::remove_key(const Slice &key) {
+  uint32_t node_id = ROOT_NODE_ID;
+  size_t query_pos = 0;
+  if (!search_leaf(key, node_id, query_pos)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const uint32_t key_pos = nodes_[node_id].key_pos();
+  const Key &found_key = get_key(key_pos);
+  if (!found_key.equals_to(key, query_pos)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const int32_t key_id = found_key.id();
+  nodes_[node_id].set_offset(INVALID_OFFSET);
+  entries_[key_id] = Entry::invalid_entry(header_->next_key_id);
+
+  header_->next_key_id = key_id;
+  header_->total_key_length -= key.size();
+  --header_->num_keys;
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Trie::update_key(int32_t key_id, const Slice &src_key,
+                      const Slice &dest_key) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF((ptr == NULL) && (length != 0));
+
+  uint32_t node_id = ROOT_NODE_ID;
+  size_t query_pos = 0;
+
+  search_leaf(dest_key, node_id, query_pos);
+  if (!insert_leaf(dest_key, node_id, query_pos)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const uint32_t new_key_pos = append_key(dest_key, key_id);
+  header_->total_key_length =
+      header_->total_key_length + dest_key.size() - src_key.size();
+  entries_[key_id] = Entry::valid_entry(new_key_pos);
+  nodes_[node_id].set_key_pos(new_key_pos);
+
+  node_id = ROOT_NODE_ID;
+  query_pos = 0;
+  if (!search_leaf(src_key, node_id, query_pos)) {
+    GRNXX_ERROR() << "key not found (unexpected)";
+    GRNXX_THROW();
+  }
+  nodes_[node_id].set_offset(INVALID_OFFSET);
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Trie::search_leaf(const Slice &key, uint32_t &node_id,
+                       size_t &query_pos) {
+  for ( ; query_pos < key.size(); ++query_pos) {
+    const Node node = nodes_[node_id];
+    if (node.is_leaf()) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    const uint32_t next = node.offset() ^ key[query_pos];
+    if (nodes_[next].label() != key[query_pos]) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    node_id = next;
+  }
+
+  const Node node = nodes_[node_id];
+  if (node.is_leaf()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (node.child() != TERMINAL_LABEL) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  node_id = node.offset() ^ TERMINAL_LABEL;
+  return nodes_[node_id].is_leaf();
+}
+
+bool Trie::insert_leaf(const Slice &key, uint32_t &node_id, size_t query_pos) {
+  const Node node = nodes_[node_id];
+  if (node.is_leaf()) {
+    const Key &found_key = get_key(node.key_pos());
+    size_t i = query_pos;
+    while ((i < key.size()) && (i < found_key.size())) {
+      if (key[i] != found_key[i]) {
+        break;
+      }
+      ++i;
+    }
+    if ((i == key.size()) && (i == found_key.size())) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    // TODO
+//    GRN_DAT_THROW_IF(SIZE_ERROR, num_keys() >= max_num_keys());
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(next_key_id() > max_num_keys());
+
+    for (size_t j = query_pos; j < i; ++j) {
+      node_id = insert_node(node_id, key[j]);
+    }
+    node_id = separate(key, node_id, i);
+    return true;
+  } else if (node.label() == TERMINAL_LABEL) {
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    // TODO
+//    GRN_DAT_THROW_IF(SIZE_ERROR, num_keys() >= max_num_keys());
+    const uint16_t label = (query_pos < key.size()) ?
+        static_cast<uint16_t>(key[query_pos]) : TERMINAL_LABEL;
+    if ((node.offset() == INVALID_OFFSET) ||
+        !nodes_[node.offset() ^ label].is_phantom()) {
+      // The offset of this node must be updated.
+      resolve(node_id, label);
+    }
+    // The new node will be the leaf node associated with the query.
+    node_id = insert_node(node_id, label);
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+uint32_t Trie::insert_node(uint32_t node_id, uint16_t label) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(node_id >= num_nodes());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(label > MAX_LABEL);
+
+  const Node node = nodes_[node_id];
+  uint32_t offset;
+  if (node.is_leaf() || (node.offset() == INVALID_OFFSET)) {
+    offset = find_offset(&label, 1);
+  } else {
+    offset = node.offset();
+  }
+
+  const uint32_t next = offset ^ label;
+  reserve_node(next);
+
+  nodes_[next].set_label(label);
+  if (node.is_leaf()) {
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[offset].is_origin());
+    nodes_[offset].set_is_origin(true);
+    nodes_[next].set_key_pos(node.key_pos());
+    // TODO: Must be update at once.
+  } else if (node.offset() == INVALID_OFFSET) {
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[offset].is_origin());
+    nodes_[offset].set_is_origin(true);
+//  } else {
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(!nodes_[offset].is_origin());
+  }
+  nodes_[node_id].set_offset(offset);
+
+  const uint16_t child_label = nodes_[node_id].child();
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(child_label == label);
+  if (child_label == INVALID_LABEL) {
+    nodes_[node_id].set_child(label);
+  } else if ((label == TERMINAL_LABEL) ||
+             ((child_label != TERMINAL_LABEL) &&
+              (label < child_label))) {
+    // The next node becomes the first child.
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[offset ^ child_label).is_phantom());
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[offset ^ child_label).label() != child_label);
+    nodes_[next].set_sibling(child_label);
+    nodes_[node_id].set_child(label);
+  } else {
+    uint32_t prev = offset ^ child_label;
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[prev).label() != child_label);
+    uint16_t sibling_label = nodes_[prev].sibling();
+    while (label > sibling_label) {
+      prev = offset ^ sibling_label;
+//      GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[prev].label() != sibling_label);
+      sibling_label = nodes_[prev].sibling();
+    }
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(label == sibling_label);
+    nodes_[next].set_sibling(nodes_[prev].sibling());
+    nodes_[prev].set_sibling(label);
+  }
+  return next;
+}
+
+uint32_t Trie::append_key(const Slice &key, int32_t key_id) {
+  // TODO
+//  GRN_DAT_THROW_IF(SIZE_ERROR, key_id > max_num_keys());
+
+  const uint32_t key_pos = header_->next_key_pos;
+  const uint32_t key_size = Key::estimate_size(key);
+
+  // TODO
+//  GRN_DAT_THROW_IF(SIZE_ERROR, key_size > (key_buf_size() - key_pos));
+  new (&keys_[key_pos]) Key(key_id, key);
+
+  header_->next_key_pos = key_pos + key_size;
+  return key_pos;
+}
+
+uint32_t Trie::separate(const Slice &key, uint32_t node_id, size_t i) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(node_id >= num_nodes());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(!nodes_[node_id].is_leaf());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(i > length);
+
+  const Node node = nodes_[node_id];
+  const Key &found_key = get_key(node.key_pos());
+
+  uint16_t labels[2];
+  labels[0] = (i < found_key.size()) ?
+      static_cast<uint16_t>(found_key[i]) : TERMINAL_LABEL;
+  labels[1] = (i < key.size()) ?
+      static_cast<uint16_t>(key[i]) : TERMINAL_LABEL;
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(labels[0] == labels[1]);
+
+  const uint32_t offset = find_offset(labels, 2);
+
+  uint32_t next = offset ^ labels[0];
+  reserve_node(next);
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[offset).is_origin());
+
+  nodes_[next].set_label(labels[0]);
+  nodes_[next].set_key_pos(node.key_pos());
+
+  next = offset ^ labels[1];
+  reserve_node(next);
+
+  nodes_[next].set_label(labels[1]);
+
+  nodes_[offset].set_is_origin(true);
+  nodes_[node_id].set_offset(offset);
+
+  if ((labels[0] == TERMINAL_LABEL) ||
+      ((labels[1] != TERMINAL_LABEL) &&
+       (labels[0] < labels[1]))) {
+    nodes_[offset ^ labels[0]].set_sibling(labels[1]);
+    nodes_[node_id].set_child(labels[0]);
+  } else {
+    nodes_[offset ^ labels[1]].set_sibling(labels[0]);
+    nodes_[node_id].set_child(labels[1]);
+  }
+  return next;
+}
+
+void Trie::resolve(uint32_t node_id, uint16_t label) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(node_id >= num_nodes());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[node_id].is_leaf());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(label > MAX_LABEL);
+
+  uint32_t offset = nodes_[node_id].offset();
+  if (offset != INVALID_OFFSET) {
+    uint16_t labels[MAX_LABEL + 1];
+    uint16_t num_labels = 0;
+
+    uint16_t next_label = nodes_[node_id].child();
+    // FIXME: How to check if the node has children or not.
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(next_label == INVALID_LABEL);
+    while (next_label != INVALID_LABEL) {
+//      GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(next_label > MAX_LABEL);
+      labels[num_labels++] = next_label;
+      next_label = nodes_[offset ^ next_label].sibling();
+    }
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(num_labels == 0);
+
+    labels[num_labels] = label;
+    offset = find_offset(labels, num_labels + 1);
+    migrate_nodes(node_id, offset, labels, num_labels);
+  } else {
+    offset = find_offset(&label, 1);
+    if (offset >= (header_->num_chunks * CHUNK_SIZE)) {
+//      GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF((offset / BLOCK_SIZE) != num_blocks());
+      reserve_chunk(header_->num_chunks);
+    }
+    nodes_[offset].set_is_origin(true);
+    nodes_[node_id].set_offset(offset);
+  }
+}
+
+void Trie::migrate_nodes(uint32_t node_id, uint32_t dest_offset,
+                         const uint16_t *labels, uint16_t num_labels) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(node_id >= num_nodes());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[node_id].is_leaf());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(labels == nullptr);
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(num_labels == 0);
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(num_labels > (MAX_LABEL + 1));
+
+  const uint32_t src_offset = nodes_[node_id].offset();
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(src_offset == INVALID_OFFSET);
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(!nodes_[src_offset].is_origin());
+
+  for (uint16_t i = 0; i < num_labels; ++i) {
+    const uint32_t src_node_id = src_offset ^ labels[i];
+    const uint32_t dest_node_id = dest_offset ^ labels[i];
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(ith_node(src_node_id).is_phantom());
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(ith_node(src_node_id).label() != labels[i]);
+
+    reserve_node(dest_node_id);
+    Node dest_node = nodes_[src_node_id];
+    dest_node.set_is_origin(nodes_[dest_node_id].is_origin());
+    nodes_[dest_node_id] = dest_node;
+  }
+  header_->num_zombies += num_labels;
+
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(nodes_[dest_offset].is_origin());
+  nodes_[dest_offset].set_is_origin(true);
+  nodes_[node_id].set_offset(dest_offset);
+}
+
+uint32_t Trie::find_offset(const uint16_t *labels, uint16_t num_labels) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(labels == nullptr);
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(num_labels == 0);
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(num_labels > (MAX_LABEL + 1));
+
+  // Chunks are tested in descending order of level. Basically, lower level
+  // chunks contain more phantom nodes.
+  uint32_t level = 1;
+  while (num_labels >= (1U << level)) {
+    ++level;
+  }
+  level = (level < MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL) ? (MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL - level) : 0;
+
+  uint32_t chunk_count = 0;
+  do {
+    uint32_t leader = header_->leaders[level];
+    if (leader == INVALID_LEADER) {
+      // This level group is skipped because it is empty.
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t chunk_id = leader;
+    do {
+      const Chunk &chunk = chunks_[chunk_id];
+//      GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(chunk.level() != level);
+
+      const uint32_t first = (chunk_id * CHUNK_SIZE) | chunk.first_phantom();
+      uint32_t node_id = first;
+      do {
+//        GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(!nodes_[node_id=]).is_phantom());
+        const uint32_t offset = node_id ^ labels[0];
+        if (!nodes_[offset].is_origin()) {
+          uint16_t i = 1;
+          for ( ; i < num_labels; ++i) {
+            if (!nodes_[offset ^ labels[i]].is_phantom()) {
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          if (i >= num_labels) {
+            return offset;
+          }
+        }
+        node_id = (chunk_id * CHUNK_SIZE) | nodes_[node_id].next();
+      } while (node_id != first);
+
+      const uint32_t prev = chunk_id;
+      const uint32_t next = chunk.next();
+      chunk_id = next;
+      chunks_[prev].set_failure_count(chunks_[prev].failure_count() + 1);
+
+      // The level of a chunk is updated when this function fails many times,
+      // actually MAX_FAILURE_COUNT times, in that chunk.
+      if (chunks_[prev].failure_count() == MAX_FAILURE_COUNT) {
+        update_chunk_level(prev, level + 1);
+        if (next == leader) {
+          break;
+        } else {
+          // Note that the leader might be updated in the level update.
+          leader = header_->leaders[level];
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+    } while ((++chunk_count < MAX_CHUNK_COUNT) &&
+             (chunk_id != leader));
+  } while ((chunk_count < MAX_CHUNK_COUNT) && (level-- != 0));
+
+  return (header_->num_chunks * CHUNK_SIZE) ^ labels[0];
+}
+
+void Trie::reserve_node(uint32_t node_id) {
+  if (node_id >= (header_->num_chunks * CHUNK_SIZE)) {
+    reserve_chunk(node_id / CHUNK_SIZE);
+  }
+
+  Node &node = nodes_[node_id];
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(!node.is_phantom());
+
+  const uint32_t chunk_id = node_id / CHUNK_SIZE;
+  Chunk &chunk = chunks_[chunk_id];
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(chunk.num_phantoms() == 0);
+
+  const uint32_t next = (chunk_id * CHUNK_SIZE) | node.next();
+  const uint32_t prev = (chunk_id * CHUNK_SIZE) | node.prev();
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(next >= header_->num_nodes());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(prev >= header_->num_nodes());
+
+  if ((node_id & CHUNK_MASK) == chunk.first_phantom()) {
+    // The first phantom node is removed from the chunk and the second phantom
+    // node comes first.
+    chunk.set_first_phantom(next & CHUNK_MASK);
+  }
+
+  nodes_[next].set_prev(prev & CHUNK_MASK);
+  nodes_[prev].set_next(next & CHUNK_MASK);
+
+  if (chunk.level() != MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL) {
+    const uint32_t threshold =
+        uint32_t(1) << ((MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL - chunk.level() - 1) * 2);
+    if (chunk.num_phantoms() == threshold) {
+      update_chunk_level(chunk_id, chunk.level() + 1);
+    }
+  }
+  chunk.set_num_phantoms(chunk.num_phantoms() - 1);
+
+  node.set_is_phantom(false);
+
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(node.offset() != INVALID_OFFSET);
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(node.label() != INVALID_LABEL);
+
+  --header_->num_phantoms;
+}
+
+void Trie::reserve_chunk(uint32_t chunk_id) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(chunk_id != num_chunks());
+  // TODO
+//  GRN_DAT_THROW_IF(SIZE_ERROR, chunk_id >= max_num_chunks());
+
+  header_->num_chunks = chunk_id + 1;
+  chunks_[chunk_id].set_failure_count(0);
+  chunks_[chunk_id].set_first_phantom(0);
+  chunks_[chunk_id].set_num_phantoms(CHUNK_SIZE);
+
+  const uint32_t begin = chunk_id * CHUNK_SIZE;
+  const uint32_t end = begin + CHUNK_SIZE;
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(end != num_nodes());
+
+  Node node;
+  node.set_is_phantom(true);
+
+  for (uint32_t i = begin; i < end; ++i) {
+    node.set_prev((i - 1) & CHUNK_MASK);
+    node.set_next((i + 1) & CHUNK_MASK);
+    nodes_[i] = node;
+  }
+
+  // The level of the new chunk is 0.
+  set_chunk_level(chunk_id, 0);
+  header_->num_phantoms += CHUNK_SIZE;
+}
+
+void Trie::update_chunk_level(uint32_t chunk_id, uint32_t level) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(chunk_id >= num_chunks());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(level > MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL);
+
+  unset_chunk_level(chunk_id);
+  set_chunk_level(chunk_id, level);
+}
+
+void Trie::set_chunk_level(uint32_t chunk_id, uint32_t level) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(chunk_id >= num_chunks());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(level > MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL);
+
+  const uint32_t leader = header_->leaders[level];
+  if (leader == INVALID_LEADER) {
+    // The chunk becomes the only one member of the level group.
+    chunks_[chunk_id].set_next(chunk_id);
+    chunks_[chunk_id].set_prev(chunk_id);
+    header_->leaders[level] = chunk_id;
+  } else {
+    // The chunk is appended to the level group.
+    const uint32_t next = leader;
+    const uint32_t prev = chunks_[leader].prev();
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(next >= num_chunks());
+//    GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(prev >= num_chunks());
+    chunks_[chunk_id].set_next(next);
+    chunks_[chunk_id].set_prev(prev);
+    chunks_[next].set_prev(chunk_id);
+    chunks_[prev].set_next(chunk_id);
+  }
+  chunks_[chunk_id].set_level(level);
+  chunks_[chunk_id].set_failure_count(0);
+}
+
+void Trie::unset_chunk_level(uint32_t chunk_id) {
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(chunk_id >= num_chunk());
+
+  const uint32_t level = chunks_[chunk_id].level();
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(level > MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL);
+
+  const uint32_t leader = header_->leaders[level];
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(leader == INVALID_LEADER);
+
+  const uint32_t next = chunks_[chunk_id].next();
+  const uint32_t prev = chunks_[chunk_id].prev();
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(next >= num_chunks());
+//  GRN_DAT_DEBUG_THROW_IF(prev >= num_chunks());
+
+  if (next == chunk_id) {
+    // The level group becomes empty.
+    header_->leaders[level] = INVALID_LEADER;
+  } else {
+    chunks_[next].set_prev(prev);
+    chunks_[prev].set_next(next);
+    if (chunk_id == leader) {
+      // The second chunk becomes the leader of the level group.
+      header_->leaders[level] = next;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace basic
+}  // namespace da
+}  // namespace map
+}  // namespace grnxx

  Added: lib/map/da/basic_trie.hpp (+471 -0) 100644
===================================================================
--- /dev/null
+++ lib/map/da/basic_trie.hpp    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (bf1b135)
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+/*
+  Copyright (C) 2013  Brazil, Inc.
+
+  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+  modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+  License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+  Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+*/
+#ifndef GRNXX_MAP_DA_BASIC_TRIE_HPP
+#define GRNXX_MAP_DA_BASIC_TRIE_HPP
+
+#include "trie.hpp"
+
+namespace grnxx {
+namespace map {
+namespace da {
+namespace basic {
+
+constexpr  int32_t MIN_KEY_ID     = 0;
+constexpr  int32_t MAX_KEY_ID     = 0x7FFFFFFF;
+
+constexpr   size_t MIN_KEY_SIZE   = 1;
+constexpr   size_t MAX_KEY_SIZE   = 4095;
+
+constexpr uint32_t INVALID_OFFSET = 0;
+
+constexpr uint32_t ROOT_NODE_ID   = 0;
+
+constexpr uint16_t TERMINAL_LABEL = 0x100;
+constexpr uint16_t MAX_LABEL      = TERMINAL_LABEL;
+constexpr uint16_t INVALID_LABEL  = 0x1FF;
+
+constexpr uint32_t CHUNK_SIZE     = 0x200;
+constexpr uint32_t CHUNK_MASK     = 0x1FF;
+
+// Assume that #nodes per key is 4 and #uint32_ts per key is 8.
+// Note that an entries is associated with a key.
+constexpr uint32_t INITIAL_NODES_SIZE   = 1 << 16;
+constexpr uint32_t INITIAL_CHUNKS_SIZE  = INITIAL_NODES_SIZE / CHUNK_SIZE;
+constexpr uint32_t INITIAL_ENTRIES_SIZE = 1 << 14;
+constexpr uint32_t INITIAL_KEYS_SIZE    = 1 << 17;
+
+// Chunks are grouped by the level which indicates how easily update operations
+// can find a good offset in that chunk. The chunk level rises when
+// find_offset() fails in that chunk many times. MAX_FAILURE_COUNT
+// is the threshold. Also, in order to limit the time cost, find_offset() scans
+// at most MAX_CHUNK_COUNT chunks.
+// Larger parameters bring more chances of finding good offsets but it leads to
+// more node renumberings, which are costly operations, and thus results in
+// degradation of space/time efficiencies.
+constexpr uint32_t MAX_FAILURE_COUNT = 4;
+constexpr uint32_t MAX_CHUNK_COUNT   = 16;
+constexpr uint32_t MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL   = 5;
+
+// Chunks in the same level compose a doubly linked list. The entry chunk of
+// a linked list is called a leader. INVALID_LEADER means that
+// the linked list is empty and there exists no leader.
+constexpr uint32_t INVALID_LEADER    = 0x7FFFFFFFU;
+
+struct Header {
+  uint32_t nodes_block_id;
+  uint32_t chunks_block_id;
+  uint32_t entries_block_id;
+  uint32_t keys_block_id;
+  uint32_t nodes_size;
+  uint32_t chunks_size;
+  uint32_t entries_size;
+  uint32_t keys_size;
+  int32_t next_key_id;
+  uint32_t next_key_pos;
+  int32_t max_key_id;
+  uint64_t total_key_length;
+  uint32_t num_keys;
+  uint32_t num_chunks;
+  uint32_t num_phantoms;
+  uint32_t num_zombies;
+  uint32_t leaders[MAX_CHUNK_LEVEL + 1];
+  Mutex inter_process_mutex;
+
+  Header();
+};
+
+class Node {
+ public:
+  Node() : qword_(IS_PHANTOM_FLAG) {}
+
+  // Structure overview.
+  //  0- 8 ( 9): next (is_phantom).
+  //  9-17 ( 9): prev (is_phantom).
+  //  0- 8 ( 9): label (!is_phantom).
+  //  9-17 ( 9): sibling (!is_phantom).
+  // 18-48 (31): key_pos (!is_phantom && is_leaf).
+  // 18-49 (32): offset (!is_phantom && !is_leaf).
+  // 50-58 ( 9): child (!is_phantom && !is_leaf).
+  // 61-61 ( 1): is_leaf.
+  // 62-62 ( 1): is_phantom.
+  // 63-63 ( 1): is_origin.
+  // Note that 0 is the LSB and 63 is the MSB.
+
+  // TODO: The functions should be updated.
+
+  // The ID of this node is used as an offset (true) or not (false).
+  bool is_origin() const {
+    return qword_ & IS_ORIGIN_FLAG;
+  }
+  // This node is valid (false) or not (true).
+  bool is_phantom() const {
+    return qword_ & IS_PHANTOM_FLAG;
+  }
+  // This node is associated with a key (true) or not (false).
+  bool is_leaf() const {
+    return qword_ & IS_LEAF_FLAG;
+  }
+
+  void set_is_origin(bool value) {
+    if (value) {
+      qword_ |= IS_ORIGIN_FLAG;
+    } else {
+      qword_ &= ~IS_ORIGIN_FLAG;
+    }
+  }
+  void set_is_phantom(bool value) {
+    if (value) {
+      qword_ = (qword_ & IS_ORIGIN_FLAG) | IS_PHANTOM_FLAG;
+    } else {
+      qword_ = (qword_ & IS_ORIGIN_FLAG) |
+               (uint64_t(INVALID_OFFSET) << OFFSET_SHIFT) |
+               (uint64_t(INVALID_LABEL) << CHILD_SHIFT) |
+               (uint64_t(INVALID_LABEL) << SIBLING_SHIFT) | INVALID_LABEL;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Phantom nodes are doubly linked in each chunk.
+  // Each chunk consists of 512 nodes.
+  uint16_t next() const {
+    return static_cast<uint16_t>(qword_ & NEXT_MASK);
+  }
+  uint16_t prev() const {
+    return static_cast<uint16_t>((qword_ >> PREV_SHIFT) & PREV_MASK);
+  }
+
+  void set_next(uint16_t value) {
+    qword_ = (qword_ & ~NEXT_MASK) | value;
+  }
+  void set_prev(uint16_t value) {
+    qword_ = (qword_ & ~(PREV_MASK << PREV_SHIFT)) |
+             (static_cast<uint64_t>(value) << PREV_SHIFT);
+  }
+
+  // A non-phantom node stores its label and the label of its next sibling.
+  // A phantom node returns an invalid label with IS_PHANTOM_FLAG.
+  // sibling() == INVALID_LABEL means that the node doesn't have next sibling.
+  uint64_t label() const {
+    return qword_ & (IS_PHANTOM_FLAG | LABEL_MASK);
+  }
+  uint16_t sibling() const {
+    return static_cast<uint16_t>((qword_ >> SIBLING_SHIFT) & SIBLING_MASK);
+  }
+
+  void set_label(uint16_t value) {
+    qword_ = (qword_ & ~LABEL_MASK) | value;
+  }
+  void set_sibling(uint16_t value) {
+    qword_ = (qword_ & ~(SIBLING_MASK << SIBLING_SHIFT)) |
+             (static_cast<uint64_t>(value) << SIBLING_SHIFT);
+  }
+
+  // A leaf node stores the start position of the associated key.
+  uint32_t key_pos() const {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>((qword_ >> KEY_POS_SHIFT) & KEY_POS_MASK);
+  }
+
+  void set_key_pos(uint32_t value) {
+    qword_ = (qword_ & ~(KEY_POS_MASK << KEY_POS_SHIFT)) |
+             (static_cast<uint32_t>(value) << KEY_POS_SHIFT) | IS_LEAF_FLAG;
+  }
+
+  // A non-phantom and non-leaf node stores the offset to its children and the
+  // label of its first child.
+  // child() == INVALID_LABEL means that the node has no child.
+  uint32_t offset() const {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>((qword_ >> OFFSET_SHIFT) & OFFSET_MASK);
+  }
+  uint16_t child() const {
+    return static_cast<uint16_t>((qword_ >> CHILD_SHIFT) & CHILD_MASK);
+  }
+
+  void set_offset(uint32_t value) {
+    if (qword_ & IS_LEAF_FLAG) {
+      qword_ = ((qword_ & ~IS_LEAF_FLAG) & ~(OFFSET_MASK << OFFSET_SHIFT)) |
+               (static_cast<uint64_t>(value) << OFFSET_SHIFT) |
+               (uint64_t(INVALID_LABEL) << CHILD_SHIFT);
+    } else {
+      qword_ = (qword_ & ~(OFFSET_MASK << OFFSET_SHIFT)) |
+               (value << OFFSET_SHIFT);
+    }
+  }
+  void set_child(uint16_t value) {
+    qword_ = (qword_ & ~(CHILD_MASK << CHILD_SHIFT)) |
+             (static_cast<uint64_t>(value) << CHILD_SHIFT);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  uint64_t qword_;
+
+  // 61-63.
+  static constexpr uint64_t IS_ORIGIN_FLAG  = uint64_t(1) << 63;
+  static constexpr uint64_t IS_PHANTOM_FLAG = uint64_t(1) << 62;
+  static constexpr uint64_t IS_LEAF_FLAG    = uint64_t(1) << 61;
+
+  //  0-17 (is_phantom).
+  static constexpr uint64_t NEXT_MASK       = (uint64_t(1) << 9) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint64_t PREV_MASK       = (uint64_t(1) << 9) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint8_t  PREV_SHIFT      = 9;
+
+  //  0-17 (!is_phantom).
+  static constexpr uint64_t LABEL_MASK      = (uint64_t(1) << 9) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint64_t SIBLING_MASK    = (uint64_t(1) << 9) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint8_t  SIBLING_SHIFT   = 9;
+
+  // 18-48 (!is_phantom && is_leaf)
+  static constexpr uint64_t KEY_POS_MASK    = (uint64_t(1) << 31) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint8_t  KEY_POS_SHIFT   = 18;
+
+  // 18-58 (!is_phantom && !is_leaf)
+  static constexpr uint64_t OFFSET_MASK     = (uint64_t(1) << 32) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint8_t  OFFSET_SHIFT    = 18;
+  static constexpr uint64_t CHILD_MASK      = (uint64_t(1) << 9) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint8_t  CHILD_SHIFT     = 50;
+};
+
+class Chunk {
+ public:
+  Chunk() : next_(0), prev_(0), others_(0) {}
+
+  // Chunks in the same level are doubly linked.
+  uint32_t next() const {
+    return next_;
+  }
+  uint32_t prev() const {
+    return prev_;
+  }
+
+  void set_next(uint32_t value) {
+    next_ = value;
+  }
+  void set_prev(uint32_t value) {
+    prev_ = value;
+  }
+
+  // The chunk level indicates how easily nodes can be put in this chunk.
+  uint32_t level() const {
+    return (others_ >> LEVEL_SHIFT) & LEVEL_MASK;
+  }
+  uint32_t failure_count() const {
+    return (others_ >> FAILURE_COUNT_SHIFT) & FAILURE_COUNT_MASK;
+  }
+
+  void set_level(uint32_t value) {
+    others_ = (others_ & ~(LEVEL_MASK << LEVEL_SHIFT)) |
+              (value << LEVEL_SHIFT);
+  }
+  void set_failure_count(uint32_t value) {
+    others_ = (others_ & ~(FAILURE_COUNT_MASK << FAILURE_COUNT_SHIFT)) |
+              (value << FAILURE_COUNT_SHIFT);
+  }
+
+  // The first phantom node and the number of phantom nodes in this chunk.
+  uint32_t first_phantom() const {
+    return (others_ >> FIRST_PHANTOM_SHIFT) & FIRST_PHANTOM_MASK;
+  }
+  uint32_t num_phantoms() const {
+    return (others_ >> NUM_PHANTOMS_SHIFT) & NUM_PHANTOMS_MASK;
+  }
+
+  void set_first_phantom(uint32_t value) {
+    others_ = (others_ & ~(FIRST_PHANTOM_MASK << FIRST_PHANTOM_SHIFT)) |
+              (value << FIRST_PHANTOM_SHIFT);
+  }
+  void set_num_phantoms(uint32_t value) {
+    others_ = (others_ & ~(NUM_PHANTOMS_MASK << NUM_PHANTOMS_SHIFT)) |
+              (value << NUM_PHANTOMS_SHIFT);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  uint32_t next_;
+  uint32_t prev_;
+  uint32_t others_;
+
+  static constexpr uint32_t LEVEL_MASK          = (1 << 4) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint8_t  LEVEL_SHIFT         = 0;
+
+  static constexpr uint32_t FAILURE_COUNT_MASK  = (1 << 6) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint8_t  FAILURE_COUNT_SHIFT = 4;
+
+  static constexpr uint32_t FIRST_PHANTOM_MASK  = (1 << 10) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint32_t FIRST_PHANTOM_SHIFT = 10;
+
+  static constexpr uint32_t NUM_PHANTOMS_MASK   = (1 << 10) - 1;
+  static constexpr uint32_t NUM_PHANTOMS_SHIFT  = 20;
+};
+
+class Entry {
+ public:
+  // Create a valid entry.
+  static Entry valid_entry(uint32_t key_pos) {
+    Entry entry;
+    entry.dword_ = IS_VALID_FLAG | key_pos;
+    return entry;
+  }
+  // Create an invalid entry.
+  static Entry invalid_entry(uint32_t next) {
+    Entry entry;
+    entry.dword_ = next;
+    return entry;
+  }
+
+  // Return true iff "*this" is valid (associated with a key).
+  explicit operator bool() const {
+    return dword_ & IS_VALID_FLAG;
+  }
+
+  // Return the starting address of the associated key.
+  // Available iff "*this' is valid.
+  uint32_t key_pos() const {
+    return dword_ & ~IS_VALID_FLAG;
+  }
+
+  // Return the next invalid entry.
+  // Available iff "*this' is invalid.
+  uint32_t next() const {
+    return dword_;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  uint32_t dword_;
+
+  static constexpr uint32_t IS_VALID_FLAG = uint32_t(1) << 31;
+};
+
+class Key {
+ public:
+  Key(int32_t id, const Slice &key)
+    : id_(id),
+      size_(static_cast<uint16_t>(key.size())),
+      buf_{ '\0', '\0' } {
+    std::memcpy(buf_, key.ptr(), key.size());
+  }
+
+  const uint8_t &operator[](size_t i) const {
+    return buf_[i];
+  }
+
+  int32_t id() const {
+    return id_;
+  }
+  size_t size() const {
+    return size_;
+  }
+  const uint8_t *ptr() const {
+    return buf_;
+  }
+  Slice slice() const {
+    return Slice(buf_, size_);
+  }
+
+  bool equals_to(const Slice &key, size_t offset = 0) const {
+    if (key.size() != size_) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    for ( ; offset < key.size(); ++offset) {
+      if (buf_[offset] != key[offset]) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  static uint32_t estimate_size(const Slice &key) {
+    return (9 + key.size()) / sizeof(uint32_t);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  int32_t id_;
+  uint16_t size_;
+  uint8_t buf_[2];
+};
+
+class Trie : public da::Trie {
+ public:
+  ~Trie();
+
+  static Trie *create(const TrieOptions &options, io::Pool pool);
+  static Trie *open(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id);
+
+  // TODO
+//  da::Trie *defrag();
+
+  uint32_t block_id() const;
+
+  bool search(int64_t key_id, Slice *key);
+  bool search(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id);
+
+  bool insert(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id);
+
+  bool remove(int64_t key_id);
+  bool remove(const Slice &key);
+
+  bool update(int64_t key_id, const Slice &dest_key);
+  bool update(const Slice &src_key, const Slice &dest_key, int64_t *key_id);
+
+ private:
+  io::Pool pool_;
+  const io::BlockInfo *block_info_;
+  Header *header_;
+  Recycler *recycler_;
+  Node *nodes_;
+  Chunk *chunks_;
+  Entry *entries_;
+  uint32_t *keys_;
+  bool initialized_;
+
+  Trie();
+
+  void create_double_array(io::Pool pool);
+  void open_double_array(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id);
+
+  const Key &get_key(uint32_t key_pos) {
+    return *reinterpret_cast<const Key *>(&keys_[key_pos]);
+  }
+
+  bool remove_key(const Slice &key);
+  bool update_key(int32_t key_id, const Slice &src_key,
+                  const Slice &dest_key);
+
+  bool search_leaf(const Slice &key, uint32_t &node_id, size_t &query_pos);
+  bool insert_leaf(const Slice &key, uint32_t &node_id, size_t query_pos);
+
+  uint32_t insert_node(uint32_t node_id, uint16_t label);
+  uint32_t append_key(const Slice &key, int32_t key_id);
+
+  uint32_t separate(const Slice &key, uint32_t node_id, size_t i);
+  void resolve(uint32_t node_id, uint16_t label);
+  void migrate_nodes(uint32_t node_id, uint32_t dest_offset,
+                     const uint16_t *labels, uint16_t num_labels);
+
+  uint32_t find_offset(const uint16_t *labels, uint16_t num_labels);
+
+  void reserve_node(uint32_t node_id);
+  void reserve_chunk(uint32_t chunk_id);
+
+  void update_chunk_level(uint32_t chunk_id, uint32_t level);
+  void set_chunk_level(uint32_t chunk_id, uint32_t level);
+  void unset_chunk_level(uint32_t chunk_id);
+};
+
+}  // namespace basic
+}  // namespace da
+}  // namespace map
+}  // namespace grnxx
+
+#endif  // GRNXX_MAP_DA_BASIC_TRIE_HPP

  Added: lib/map/da/trie.cpp (+25 -0) 100644
===================================================================
--- /dev/null
+++ lib/map/da/trie.cpp    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (a7cd495)
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include "trie.hpp"
+#include "basic_trie.hpp"
+
+namespace grnxx {
+namespace map {
+namespace da {
+
+TrieOptions::TrieOptions() {}
+
+Trie::Trie() {}
+Trie::~Trie() {}
+
+Trie *Trie::create(const TrieOptions &options, io::Pool pool) {
+  // TODO
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+Trie *Trie::open(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id) {
+  // TODO
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+}  // namespace da
+}  // namespace map
+}  // namespace grnxx

  Copied: lib/map/da/trie.hpp (+25 -34) 51%
===================================================================
--- lib/map.hpp    2013-02-13 14:20:49 +0900 (3370bb1)
+++ lib/map/da/trie.hpp    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (1d13c6e)
@@ -15,56 +15,47 @@
   License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 */
-#ifndef GRNXX_MAP_HPP
-#define GRNXX_MAP_HPP
+#ifndef GRNXX_MAP_DA_TRIE_HPP
+#define GRNXX_MAP_DA_TRIE_HPP
 
-// Tentative version.
-
-#include "io/pool.hpp"
-#include "slice.hpp"
+#include "../double_array.hpp"
 
 namespace grnxx {
+namespace map {
+namespace da {
 
-enum MapType : int32_t {
-  MAP_UNKNOWN      = 0,
-  MAP_DOUBLE_ARRAY = 1
-};
-
-struct MapOptions {
-  MapType type;
-
-  MapOptions();
+struct TrieOptions {
+  TrieOptions();
 };
 
-struct MapHeader {
-  MapType type;
-
-  MapHeader();
-};
-
-class Map {
+class Trie {
  public:
-  Map();
-  virtual ~Map();
+  Trie();
+  virtual ~Trie();
+
+  static Trie *create(const TrieOptions &options, io::Pool pool);
+  static Trie *open(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id);
 
-  static Map *create(const MapOptions &options, io::Pool pool);
-  static Map *open(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id);
+  // TODO
+//  virtual Trie *defrag() = 0;
 
   virtual uint32_t block_id() const = 0;
 
-  virtual bool search(int64_t id, Slice *key) = 0;
-  virtual bool search(const Slice &key, int64_t *id = nullptr) = 0;
+  virtual bool search(int64_t key_id, Slice *key) = 0;
+  virtual bool search(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id) = 0;
 
-  virtual bool insert(const Slice &key, int64_t *id = nullptr) = 0;
+  virtual bool insert(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id) = 0;
 
-  virtual bool remove(int64_t id) = 0;
+  virtual bool remove(int64_t key_id) = 0;
   virtual bool remove(const Slice &key) = 0;
 
-  virtual bool update(int64_t id, const Slice &dest) = 0;
-  virtual bool update(const Slice &src, const Slice &dest,
-                      int64_t *id = nullptr) = 0;
+  virtual bool update(int64_t key_id, const Slice &dest_key) = 0;
+  virtual bool update(const Slice &src_key, const Slice &dest_key,
+                      int64_t *key_id) = 0;
 };
 
+}  // namespace da
+}  // namespace map
 }  // namespace grnxx
 
-#endif  // GRNXX_MAP_HPP
+#endif  // GRNXX_MAP_DA_TRIE_HPP

  Modified: lib/map/double_array.cpp (+63 -2)
===================================================================
--- lib/map/double_array.cpp    2013-02-13 14:20:49 +0900 (1847f8c)
+++ lib/map/double_array.cpp    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (58a1719)
@@ -24,9 +24,70 @@
 namespace grnxx {
 namespace map {
 
-DoubleArrayOptions::DoubleArrayOptions() : type(DOUBLE_ARRAY_UNKNOWN) {}
+DoubleArrayHeader::DoubleArrayHeader()
+  : map_header(),
+    type(DOUBLE_ARRAY_UNKNOWN) {
+  map_header.type = MAP_DOUBLE_ARRAY;
+}
 
-DoubleArrayHeader::DoubleArrayHeader() : type(DOUBLE_ARRAY_UNKNOWN) {}
+DoubleArray::~DoubleArray() {
+  // TODO
+}
+
+DoubleArray *DoubleArray::create(const MapOptions &, io::Pool pool) {
+  // TODO
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+DoubleArray *DoubleArray::open(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id) {
+  // TODO
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+uint32_t DoubleArray::block_id() const {
+  // TODO
+  return 0;
+}
+
+bool DoubleArray::search(int64_t key_id, Slice *key) {
+  // TODO
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool DoubleArray::search(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id) {
+  // TODO
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool DoubleArray::insert(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id) {
+  // TODO
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool DoubleArray::remove(int64_t key_id) {
+  // TODO
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool DoubleArray::remove(const Slice &key) {
+  // TODO
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool DoubleArray::update(int64_t key_id, const Slice &dest_key) {
+  // TODO
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool DoubleArray::update(const Slice &src_key, const Slice &dest_key,
+                         int64_t *key_id) {
+  // TODO
+  return false;
+}
+
+DoubleArray::DoubleArray() {
+  // TODO
+}
 
 }  // namespace map
 }  // namespace grnxx

  Modified: lib/map/double_array.hpp (+8 -13)
===================================================================
--- lib/map/double_array.hpp    2013-02-13 14:20:49 +0900 (0e68df9)
+++ lib/map/double_array.hpp    2013-02-13 18:41:52 +0900 (d2c5583)
@@ -29,13 +29,8 @@ enum DoubleArrayType : int32_t {
   DOUBLE_ARRAY_LARGE   = 2
 };
 
-struct DoubleArrayOptions {
-  DoubleArrayType type;
-
-  DoubleArrayOptions();
-};
-
 struct DoubleArrayHeader {
+  MapHeader map_header;
   DoubleArrayType type;
 
   DoubleArrayHeader();
@@ -45,21 +40,21 @@ class DoubleArray : public Map {
  public:
   ~DoubleArray();
 
-  static DoubleArray *create(const DoubleArrayOptions &options, io::Pool pool);
+  static DoubleArray *create(const MapOptions &options, io::Pool pool);
   static DoubleArray *open(io::Pool pool, uint32_t block_id);
 
   uint32_t block_id() const;
 
-  bool search(int64_t id, Slice *key);
-  bool search(const Slice &key, int64_t *id);
+  bool search(int64_t key_id, Slice *key);
+  bool search(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id);
 
-  bool insert(const Slice &key, int64_t *id);
+  bool insert(const Slice &key, int64_t *key_id);
 
-  bool remove(int64_t id);
+  bool remove(int64_t key_id);
   bool remove(const Slice &key);
 
-  bool update(int64_t id, const Slice &dest);
-  bool update(const Slice &src, const Slice &dest, int64_t *id);
+  bool update(int64_t key_id, const Slice &dest_key);
+  bool update(const Slice &src_key, const Slice &dest_key, int64_t *key_id);
 
  private:
   DoubleArray();
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